Why
Tall Wooden Buildings are On the Rise: An Interview with Perkins+Will's Wood
Expert
IZM Building / Architekten
Hermann Kaufmann - Germany. Image © Norman A. Müller
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Wood. The
United States is the largest producer of the natural resource in the world. But
yet we rarely see it in commercial, high-rise construction. So we asked a
wood expert -- Rebecca Holt at Perkins+Will, an analyst
for reThink Wood's
recent Tall Wood Survey -- to tell us about its potential
benefits.
AD: Why
is wood a material architects should use in taller buildings?
There are lots of reasons to
consider wood – first it has a lower environmental impact than other
traditional choices like concrete and steel. Wood is the only major building material that is made
the by sun and is completely renewable.
In North America, forest
management is strongly regulated to ensure that forests are legally harvested
and managed to meet society’s long-term demand for forest products. Woodproducts have less
embodied energy, are responsible for lower air and water pollution, and have a
lighter carbon footprint than other commonly used building materials.
Wood can significantly impact the
quality of space – on the interior and exterior. People typically
describe spaces that include exposed wood as warm and inviting. People tend to
have strong, positive reactions and connections to spaces with wood. This was
certainly emphasized by reThink Wood's Tall Wood Survey participants
as an important reason for choosing to work with wood. Faster construction
times - many of the mass timber products lend themselves well to prefabricated
components, which make for quick installation and assembly which have a number
of advantages – cost savings in a shorter construction schedule, advantageous
for dense urban sites, with little space to store components – components can
arrive on site ‘just in time’ and be erected/installed immediately. A timber
structure offers a cleaner, drier, healthier working environment for the
construction team. Finally, it’s important to consider timber where it make
sense and use it appropriately (as it is with any material).
AD: What are
the environmental benefits of using wood?
I think there are several issues
to consider, certainly it’s a low carbon material. [...] In addition,
one of the most consistent messages from Survey participants is that a wood
solution is integral and complementary to goals of optimizing energy
performance and creating high quality spaces for occupants. Wood was noted as beneficial in contributing to
good envelope performance; as a poor conductor of heat, it minimizes thermal
bridging, improving the effectiveness of the insulation compared to other
materials. In addition, several Survey participants emphasized the
complementary advantage of achieving good air tightness afforded by the
precision cut and fit of prefabricated panel components, with less joints, gaps
and penetrations to seal as compared to other materials/systems – aligning well
with the Passive House standard. It must also be emphasized that wood
contributes significantly to a healthy indoor environment and high quality
spaces that foster a sense of well-being.
AD: How
exactly does a wooden building sequester carbon?
Trees naturally absorb carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere, incorporating it into their wood, leaves, needles,
roots and surrounding soil (a carbon sink). That carbon is only released when
the wood begins to breaks down. Wood products sequester stored carbon, keeping it out of
the atmosphere for the lifetime of the structure — or longer if the wood is
reclaimed, reused and manufactured into other products. It is important that
forests are maintained responsibly to manage the balance between carbon sink
and storage and of course, a healthy ecosystem.
Tamedia Office Building / Shigeru
Ban. Image © Didier Boy de la Tour
AD: Cross-Laminated-Timber
(CLT) and other innovations allowed buildings to become taller; what is the
structural height limit or capability of wood?
While the tallest building included in the Survey (and
the tallest completed project to date) is 10 levels – Forte in Melbourne,
Australia – all participants were confident that the height limit of timber
buildings could certainly be much taller. The Survey showed a temporal trend
toward refined design and construction solutions, so as more techniques are
applied and tested, I expect heights will grow. In addition, Survey respondents
identified market acceptance as an important part of growing the market for
taller wood buildings – there is work to do to change perceptions of fire risk
and durability.
AD: One thing
people assume about wood is that is less resistant to fire than a material like
steel, which isn’t necessarily true. What steps do you take to fire-rate a tall
building?
Structural or mass timber
products like CLT or LVL have an inherent resistance to fire.Wood burns slowly and the char layer created on the
surface as it burns helps protect and insulate unburnt wood below the charred
layer. The unburnt portion of a thick member retains 85-90% of its strength. In
addition, timber panel products can eliminate void spaces between walls and
floors where fire tends to spread easily, making it more fire resistant than
other construction material/methods. Fire protection strategies vary depending
on the type of timber products used and the requirements of the jurisdiction.
Among all the projects surveyed, timber elements were oversized to include a
char layer, in addition to encapsulating timber elements with gypsum to some
degree. Sprinkler systems and intumescent paint applied to exposed timber
were also common fire protection strategies.
AD: Moisture
damage can be an issue in wooden structures. How do you prevent moisture damage
on a large scale project?
In all cases, any exposed structural wood elements are
located either inside the building envelope, protected by an overhang or in the
case of cantilevered panels, exposed only on the underside [...,] as
with any building or material, the qualities and capabilities of wood must be
respected, and buildings must be well maintained to ensure long term
durability. During operation, moisture is addressed in most cases by a
mechanical ventilation system, but Survey participants all emphasized the
importance of educating building occupants on optimal operation strategies. To
address the perception that moisture could be a concern, two of the buildings
in the Survey have installed moisture sensors within the building envelope to
monitor performance over the long term (Limnologen, Forte).
The Stair By Perkins+Will In The
UBC Earth Sciences Building. Image © Martin Tessler
AD: What
are the financial benefits of using wood in larger scale buildings?
The Survey results emphasized the benefit of shorter
construction schedules where prefabricated elements were used. Survey
participants noted that the quality of construction was superior in most cases,
resulting a more durable building and better long term investment. Operational
energy savings as identified in question 2 certainly contributes to building
the financial case. At least two of the projects in the Survey set out to
demonstrate that a timber structure could be construction cost competitive with
a concrete structure and were successful.
AD: Is
there a specific reason tall wooden structures are more prevalent in European
countries than in the USA?
There is a strong regulatory grounding in Europe where
governing policies in support of low carbon construction, energy efficiency, or
renewable resources, directly or indirectly encourage tall wood and mass timber
construction. As well, expertise across related sectors appears to have
benefited from a greater blending of professional roles, creating a strong
culture of collaboration between developers, designers, timber fabricators and
researchers. These nuances appear to be significant for advancing strong and
credible markets for tall wood construction, and are only just beginning to
emerge in North America.
AD: Lastly,
what are some striking examples of vertical wooden buildings?
The interesting thing about most
of the buildings that participated in the Survey, is that most don’t appear
from the exterior to be wooden buildings. In almost all cases the wood is
hidden in the structure and only exposed on the interior – if at all. Where the
wood is featured, is where it makes the most striking impact, and there are
several beautiful examples in our Survey participant projects: The Tamedia building features the timber structure on the
interior in a very modern way. The interior suites of 3XGrun and Forte are
lovely, inviting and warm residential spaces. The LCT ONE office space is
beautiful – having spent a day working in the building myself, I can attest to
the sense of well-being afforded by the timber elements in the finished space.
The feature timber stair at the Earth Sciences
Building is certainly a striking
signal of the timber elements within the structure of the academic wing